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A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other.〔Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed., Stephen Marshak〕 It is the topographic expression of faulting attributed to the displacement of the land surface by movement along faults. They are exhibited either by differential movement and subsequent erosion along an old ''inactive'' geologic fault (a sort of old rupture), or by a movement on a recent active fault. ==Characteristics== Fault scarps often contain highly fractured rock of both hard and weak consistency. In many cases, bluffs form from the upthrown block and can be very steep. The height of the scarp formation is equal to the vertical displacement along the fault. Active scarps are usually formed by tectonic displacement, e.g. when an earthquake changes the elevation of the ground, and can be caused by any type of fault, including strike-slip faults, whose motion is primarily horizontal. This movement is usually episodic, with the height of the bluffs being the result of multiple movements over time. Displacement of around 5 to 10 meters per tectonic event is common.〔Arthur N Strahler. ''Physical Geography''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1960, second edition, p. 475〕 Due to the dramatic uplift along the fault, the fault scarp is very prone to erosion, especially if the material being uplifted consists of unconsolidated sediment. Weathering, mass wasting and water runoff can soon wear down these bluffs, sometimes resulting in V-shaped valleys along runoff channels. Adjacent V-shaped valley formations give the remaining fault spurs a very triangular shape. This formation is known as a ''triangular facet''; however, this landform is not limited to fault scarps. Fault scarps may be only a few centimeters or many meters high. ''Fault-line scarps'' are coincident with faults, but are most typically formed by the erosion of weaker rocks that have been brought alongside more resistant ones by the movement along the fault. In the case of old eroded fault scarps, active erosion may have moved the physical cliff back away from the actual fault location which may be buried beneath a talus, alluvial fan or the sediments of the valley fill. ;Teton Range The Teton Range in Wyoming is an example of an active fault scarp. The dramatic topography of the Tetons is due to the geologically recent activity on the Teton Fault.〔Byrd, J.O.D., Smith, R.B., Geissman, J.W. (1994) ''The Teton fault, Wyoming: Topographic signature, neotectonics, and mechanisms of deformation,'' Journal of Geophysical Research (99), No. B10, p. 20095-20122〕 ;Hurricane Cliffs The Hurricane Cliffs, west of Zion National Park in Utah is a prominent example of a fault scarp along an old, essentially inactive, fault. Other examples include the scarps bounding the East African Rift Valley and the Rio Grande Rift in New Mexico. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「fault scarp」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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